Au Cameroun, l’énergie solaire se présente comme une lueur d’espoir pour les ménages, confrontés aux coupures d’électricité chroniques. Eugénie, entrepreneure à Douala, en a fait l’amère expérience. Après avoir investi temps et argent dans la production de jus de baobab, une coupure d’électricité de 48 heures a entraîné la fermentation de sa marchandise, lui occasionnant une perte sèche de 300 000 FCFA, sans parler de la déception de son client.
Cobalt is an essential mineral for the manufacture of batteries and electric vehicles. The DRC and Zambia, which together account for almost 80% of the world’s cobalt reserves, have decided to set up an African value chain for the production of batteries and electric vehicles. Part of the partnership is to tap into a market that will be worth about $46 billion by 2050. This project was the focus of a conference held on 26 February 2023 in Niamey, Niger, as a prelude to the ninth session of the African Regional Forum for Sustainable Development (ARDF-9).
At the Africa Business Forum in Kinshasa on 24-25 November 2021, a BloombergNEF representative presented a study showing that the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) could exploit its cobalt reserves to become a cost-competitive and CO2 emission-competitive producer of battery cathode precursor materials. The study also found that investment costs in the DRC were lower than in any of the other major battery producing countries, due to their relatively low project development costs, even after taking into account infrastructure, labour and other costs.
The opportunity for the DRC lies in the fact that the country alone has 70% of the world’s cobalt reserves. This mineral is essential for the manufacture of electric batteries. To seize this opportunity, the DRC has joined forces with Zambia, which has 10% of the world’s cobalt reserves. The two countries aim to create an African value chain for the minerals used to make batteries.
The two states are being supported by development partners such as the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) and the African Economic Commission (AEC). For the UN body, the project should benefit the entire continent. « The minerals involved in the value chain for the production of batteries and electric vehicles are present in all African countries. And to move to the production of electric vehicles, we need African countries that already have the expertise in this area, including South Africa, Morocco, Kenya, and Rwanda, » explains Antonio Pedro, ECA’s Acting Executive Secretary.
The project feasibility study
ECA, AfreximBank and a consortium of partners are working directly with the DRC and Zambia to establish a value chain for battery minerals.
A feasibility study of the project to create an African regional value chain for minerals used in the manufacture of batteries and electric vehicles will be launched in the coming days by the ECA. The study will, among other things, estimate the cost of the project as well as the source of funding, define the legal and policy framework for the activity and analyse African expertise in the field.
This feasibility study will add to the progress already made by the DRC and Zambia, notably the establishment of a cooperation framework for the development of electric batteries, the creation of an African Centre of Excellence on Batteries (ACEB), and the establishment of the DRC-Zambia Battery Council.
A market worth around $46 billion
The stakes of an African value chain for the minerals needed to manufacture electric batteries are colossal. Over the next 25 years, the market for electric batteries should reach 46 billion dollars. The stakes are also ecological, given that cobalt is also used in the manufacture of solar panels and wind farms. This would be a boon for a continent like Africa, where nearly 600 million people have no access to electricity, according to the World Bank.
Fanta Mabo
Cobalt is an essential mineral for the manufacture of batteries and electric vehicles. The DRC and Zambia, which together account for almost 80% of the world’s cobalt reserves, have decided to set up an African value chain for the production of batteries and electric vehicles. Part of the partnership is to tap into a market that will be worth about $46 billion by 2050. This project was the focus of a conference held on 26 February 2023 in Niamey, Niger, as a prelude to the ninth session of the African Regional Forum for Sustainable Development (ARDF-9).
BirdLife promotes the consideration of migratory birds in wind farm projects in Africa. The nature conservation organisation offers several tools such as Avistep and Shut Down on Demand, which help to avoid bird collisions in wind farms.
Green energy plants do not necessarily operate in a « clean » way. Especially in Africa, wind farms sometimes pose a threat to biodiversity, especially birds. The long-distance migratory Egyptian vulture, listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as globally endangered, is one of the birds at risk from wind farms in Africa. Thousands of the species have died from electrocution and collisions with poorly designed power lines or wind turbine blades along the species’ migration corridors.
According to studies conducted in South Africa by the conservation organisation BirdLife, 2,294 dead birds were counted at renewable energy production sites between 2006 and 2011. The Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis), the Jackal Buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus) and the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) paid the highest toll.
Preventive methods
To prevent migratory birds from falling on wind energy sites, BirdLife has developed risk screening tools, such as the Avian Sensitivity Tool for Energy Planning (AVISTEP), which is being rolled out in Africa and elsewhere. Avistep is an open source online application to help decision-makers identify where renewable energy infrastructure could impact on birds and should therefore be avoided, ensuring that energy facilities are developed in the most appropriate locations.
BirdLife also advocates the use of mitigation measures such as Shut Down on Demand (Shod) to prevent bird collisions at wind farms. Shod involves stopping the rotation of turbines to avoid collisions with vulnerable birds coming in the opposite direction. The device restarts the turbines when the threat of collision is no longer present.
Another solution is to paint the blades of the wind turbines black. According to Norwegian researchers, this technique could reduce bird strikes in wind farms by 70%. But tests are planned, notably in wind farms in the Netherlands and South Africa, to confirm that this significant reduction is not only due to the specificities of the bird species tested in Norway.
Fata Mabo
BirdLife promotes the consideration of migratory birds in wind farm projects in Africa. The nature conservation organisation offers several tools such as Avistep and Shut Down on Demand, which help to avoid bird collisions in wind farms.
The Cameroonian authorities in charge of energy issues are partially restarting the Mekin hydroelectric power station. Located in the south of Cameroon, the installation is already injecting 11.2 MW into the national electricity network.
Load shedding should decrease in southern Cameroon. This is what the Cameroonian Minister of Water and Energy promises. Gaston Eloundou Essomba recently visited the site of the Mekin hydroelectric dam for the partial commissioning of this facility located in the southern region of Cameroon. The plant was originally scheduled to be commissioned in 2015. After years of delay, the facility began generating electricity in 2020 before being shut down due to a failure in the « neutral point coil ».
The plant now feeds 11.2 MW into the Southern Interconnected System (SIS), which is 75% of the capacity of the facility designed to deliver 15 MW. Following the repairs, Hydro Mekin, the company that operates the hydropower scheme, says production testing is continuing for the final unit of the hydropower plant to be energised in the fourth quarter of 2022.
The electricity for Sangmelima and Meyomessala’s populations
The electricity currently produced should benefit the populations of the councils of Sangmelima and Meyomessala in the southern region, as well as those of Mbalmayo in the central region. But on the ground, the public service company Eneo is behind in connecting the population. This delay is due to the rehabilitation of the 30 kilovolt electricity distribution line on the Mbalmayo-Sangmelima-Ndjom Yekombo axis, the delivery date of which is not yet known.
The Cameroonian authorities must also face the anger of the population who have been demanding compensation since the dam’s impoundment, whose reservoir has swallowed up their livelihoods. All these challenges inflate the cost of the Mekin hydroelectric project, already estimated at 34.5 billion CFA francs (52.5 million euros) in 2020.
The Mekin dam is located on the Dja River, a tributary of the Sangha that flows into the Congo River. The dam has a reservoir with a « central spillway » type spillway with bottom openings. Equipped with three turbines, its power plant connects to the RIS through a 110/30 kv interconnection station located at Ndjom Yekombo. The engineer China National Electric Engineering Corporation (CNEEC), which is in charge of setting up the hydroelectric scheme, installed a 110 kV connection line over a distance of 33.1 km.
Fanta Mabo
The Cameroonian authorities in charge of energy issues are partially restarting the Mekin hydroelectric power station. Located in the south of Cameroon, the installation is already injecting 11.2 MW into the national electricity network.
Hysacam, la société de collecte et de traitement des déchets ménagers au Cameroun, annonce trois projets de production d’électricité sur ses sites de décharge. Les projets de centrales électriques génèreront une capacité globale de 72 MW.
La revalorisation des déchets ménagers en énergie électrique verra bientôt le jour au Cameroun. Hygiène et salubrité du Cameroun (Hysacam) l’a annoncé le 21 février 2020 sur son site internet. Le concessionnaire qui assure la collecte et le traitement des déchets ménagers dans 17 villes camerounaises entend développer trois centrales électriques à partir des sites de décharges.
Les deux premières centrales sont des projets « Landfill Gas and Use ». Leur fonctionnement est basé sur utilisation du gaz d’enfouissement. Ce gaz, après purification, sera acheminé vers des moteurs thermiques couplés à un alternateur. Et c’est à ce niveau qu’est produite l’électricité.
La centrale de Yaoundé la capitale, sera implantée à la décharge de Nkolfoulou à l’ouest de la ville. Sa capacité estimée est de 10 mégawatts (MW), pour 360 000 tonnes de déchets enfouis par an. Une production qui permettra de raccorder en moyenne, 580 000 ménages de Yaoundé et de ses environs. Le deuxième projet, sera implanté dans la décharge de PK 10 située à Douala la région du littoral. Sa capacité est estimée à 60 MW, en raison de 540 000 tonnes de déchets enfouis par an.
Le troisième Projet sera localisé dans la décharge de Bafoussam, région de l’Ouest-Cameroun. Doté d’une capacité de 2 MW, ce projet est basé sur le modèle de biométhanisation. Il s’agit d’une technique selon laquelle la matière biodégradable est extraite du déchet ménager (75 000 tonnes par an) pour intégrer un processus contrôlé de digestion anaérobie dans des cuves baptisées « oligoteurs ». « La matière dégradée produira du gaz combustible, dont le plus prépondérant, le méthane (CH4), sera utilisé dans un moteur thermique couplé à un alternateur pour produire l’électricité », explique Hysacam.
Des projets rendus possibles, par le réaménagement du secteur de l’électricité
Les études d’Hysacam ont prouvé que les ordures ménagères produites au Cameroun ont une forte teneur en eau et sont constituées à plus de 80 % de matière organique biodégradable. Ce qui fait des décharges, des gisements importants de biogaz. Un gaz qui était jusque-là, capté et brûlé en torchère, pour éviter la pollution atmosphérique. « Mais les différentes réformes administratives du secteur de l’énergie au Cameroun permettent d’envisager une autre issue pour ce gaz de décharge : la production de l’électricité », déclare Hysacam.
À l’origine de ces transformations opérées depuis une petite dizaine d’années, il y a la loi n0 2011/022 du 14 décembre 2011, qui a entrepris d’importantes réformes dans le secteur de l’électricité au Cameroun. Elle fixe entre autres, les modalités de production, de transport, de distribution, d’importation, d’exportation et de vente d’électricité. Elle établit les bases d’une saine concurrence dans le secteur de l’électricité en vue d’en accroitre l’efficacité économique et fixe les modalités de contrôle de l’exécution des obligations spécifiques de mise à la charge pour les opérateurs des activités non concurrentielles. Enfin, elle précise les règles de protection de l’environnement, dans le secteur de l’électricité.
L’article 67 de la loi envisage de créer une agence en charge de la promotion des énergies renouvelables. Cette structure aura pour objectif de rechercher de nouvelles formes d’énergie afin d’assurer au Cameroun sa sécurité énergétique.
Boris Ngounou
Hysacam, la société de collecte et de traitement des déchets ménagers au Cameroun, annonce trois projets de production d’électricité sur ses sites de décharge. Les projets de centrales électriques génèreront une capacité globale de 72 MW.