In an open letter to African heads of state and government, scientists have denounced a new scramble for oil, gas and coal on the continent, led by former colonial and neo-colonial powers. The letter, published on 27 November 2023 on the eve of the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), calls on African leaders to reject investment in the oil sector and focus instead on developing modern, decentralised renewable energy sources for the continent.